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CARIM's Confidential Contact Persons

CARIM's Confidential Contact Persons

27 November 2024

Dr Magdi Nagy (Dept of Biochemistry) and Prof. Peter de Leeuw (Dept of Internal Medicine) have been appointed as CARIM Confidential Contact Persons.

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ZonMw grant on appropriate palliative care

ZonMw grant on appropriate palliative care

27 November 2024

Prof. Marc Hemmelder (Dept of Internal Medicine) and his team received a ZonMw grant to promote early palliative care for dialysis patients who are non-waitlisted for transplantation.

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Carim Maastricht
Carim Maastricht

Leon Schurgers

Professor

Initially trained in clinical chemistry and hematology at the University of Applied Science, Prof. Leon Schurgers obtained his PhD at the Department of Biochemistry within CARIM on the role of vitamin K1 and K2 on bone metabolism and cardiovascular disease. He worked as post-doc on a Dutch Heart Foundation grant on the role of matrix Gla-protein synthesized by vascular smooth muscle cell and calcification in collaboration with the group of Prof. Catherine Shanahan (Cambridge, UK).

In 2009, he was appointed on a tenured position at the Department of Biochemistry. After entering the Toptalent programme (Maastricht UMC+) in 2016, he was appointed as Professor of Biochemistry of Vascular Calcification in 2017. He is vice-chair of the department of Biochemistry. Since 2021, he chairs the stem cell research facility of the University of Maastricht (SCRUM).

The focus of his current work is elucidating the molecular mechanisms by which vascular remodelling is initiated and propagated. Key cellular events include phenotypic switching of vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs) and the role of oxidative stress, extracellular vesicles and calcification. In this, he collaborates closely with the Cardiothoracic Surgery and Vascular Surgery departments of the Heart and Vessel Center (HVC) of the Maastricht University Medical Center. Patient derived primary SMCs are isolated from vascular tissue and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) are generated from patient derived peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). These iPSCs are used to differentiate into patient specific cardiovascular cells (i.e., cardiomyocytes, smooth muscle cells, endothelial cells and fibroblasts) to study cardiovascular disease.

The underlying causes of SMC phenotypic switching are insufficient to understand the pathogenesis of vascular ageing and calcification at a level that allows development of novel diagnostic tools and therapeutic strategies. In his project line, the Schurgers’ group aim to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of vitamin K-metabolism in health and vascular disease. Importantly, this work will help to understand the paradoxal observation that patients with low vitamin K-status during oral anticoagulant treatment develop enhanced vascular calcification and our results might provide new insights in prognostic and preventive measures to combat vascular ageing.

Professor Schurgers is Chairman of the steering scientific board on the world-wide quality assurance scheme for vitamin K detection and member of the scientific advisory boards of the Dutch Thrombosis Society.

Leon-schurgers

Department of Biochemistry
Universiteitssingel 50, 6229 ER Maastricht
PO Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht
Room number: 4.314
T: +31(0)43 388 16 80

  • 2022
    • Skenteris, N. T., Seime, T., Witasp, A., Karlöf, E., Wasilewski, G. B., Heuschkel, M. A., Jaminon, A. M. G., Oduor, L., Dzhanaev, R., Kronqvist, M., Lengquist, M., Peeters, F. E. C. M., Söderberg, M., Hultgren, R., Roy, J., Maegdefessel, L., Arnardottir, H., Bengtsson, E., Goncalves, I., ... Matic, L. (2022). Osteomodulin attenuates smooth muscle cell osteogenic transition in vascular calcification. Clinical and Translational Medicine, 12(2), Article 682. https://doi.org/10.1002/ctm2.682
    • Visser, M. P. J., Dofferhoff, A. S. M., van den Ouweland, J. M. W., van Daal, H., Kramers, C., Schurgers, L. J., Janssen, R., & Walk, J. (2022). Effects of Vitamin D and K on Interleukin-6 in COVID-19. Frontiers in nutrition, 8, Article 761191. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2021.761191
    • van der Laan, K. W. F., Reesink, K. D., van der Bruggen, M. M., Jaminon, A. M. G., Schurgers, L. J., Megens, R. T. A., Huberts, W., Delhaas, T., & Spronck, B. (2022). Improved Quantification of Cell Density in the Arterial Wall-A Novel Nucleus Splitting Approach Applied to 3D Two-Photon Laser-Scanning Microscopy. Frontiers in physiology, 12, Article 814434. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2021.814434
    • Kaczor, D. M., Kramann, R., Hackeng, T. M., Schurgers, L. J., & Koenen, R. R. (2022). Differential Effects of Platelet Factor 4 (CXCL4) and Its Non-Allelic Variant (CXCL4L1) on Cultured Human Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 23(2), Article 580. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23020580
    • Roumeliotis, S., Liakopoulos, V., & Schurgers, L. J. (2022). Vitamin K supplementation in chronic kidney disease patients: where is the evidence?Current Vascular Pharmacology, 20(2), 121-126. https://doi.org/10.2174/1570161120666220209145341
  • 2021
    • Tobal, R., Potjewijd, J., van Empel, V. P. M., Ysermans, R., Schurgers, L. J., Reutelingsperger, C. P., Damoiseaux, J. G. M. C., & van Paassen, P. (2021). Vascular Remodeling in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: The Potential Involvement of Innate and Adaptive Immunity. Frontiers in medicine, 8, Article 806899. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2021.806899
    • Dofferhoff, A. S. M., Piscaer, I., Schurgers, L. J., Visser, M. P. J., van den Ouweland, J. M. W., de Jong, P. A., Gosens, R., Hackeng, T. M., van Daal, H., Lux, P., Maassen, C., Karssemeijer, E. G. A., Vermeer, C., Wouters, E. F. M., Kistemaker, L. E. M., Walk, J., & Janssen, R. (2021). Reduced Vitamin K Status as a Potentially Modifiable Risk Factor of Severe Coronavirus Disease 2019. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 73(11), E4039-E4046. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa1258
    • Groothof, D., Post, A., Sotomayor, C. G., Keyzer, C. A., Flores-Guerero, J. L., Hak, E., Bos, J. H. J., Schurgers, L. J., Navis, G. J., Gans, R. O. B., Eelderink, C., de Borst, M. H., Bakker, S. J. L., & Riphagen, I. J. (2021). Functional vitamin K status and risk of incident chronic kidney disease and microalbuminuria: a prospective general population-based cohort study. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation, 36(12), 2290-2299. https://doi.org/10.1093/ndt/gfaa304
    • Hariri, E., Kassis, N., Iskandar, J. P., Schurgers, L. J., Saad, A., Abdelfattah, O., Bansal, A., Isogai, T., Harb, S. C., & Kapadia, S. (2021). Vitamin K-2-a neglected player in cardiovascular health: a narrative review. Open Heart, 8(2), Article e001715. https://doi.org/10.1136/openhrt-2021-001715
    • Kaesler, N., Schurgers, L. J., & Floege, J. (2021). Vitamin K and cardiovascular complications in chronic kidney disease patients. Kidney International, 100(5), 1023-1036. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.kint.2021.06.037
    • Florea, A., Morgenroth, A., Bucerius, J., Schurgers, L. J., & Mottaghy, F. M. (2021). Locking and loading the bullet against micro-calcification. European Journal of Preventive Cardiology, 28(12), 1370-1375. Article 2047487320911138. https://doi.org/10.1177/2047487320911138
    • Rapp, N., Brandenburg, V. M., Kaesler, N., Bakker, S. J. L., Stohr, R., Schuh, A., Evenepoel, P., & Schurgers, L. J. (2021). Hepatic and Vascular Vitamin K Status in Patients with High Cardiovascular Risk. Nutrients, 13(10), Article 3490. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13103490
    • TransplantLines Investigators (2021). Kidney Function-Dependence of Vitamin K-Status Parameters: Results from the TransplantLines Biobank and Cohort Studies. Nutrients, 13(9), Article 3069. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13093069
    • van Gorp, R. H., Baaten, C. C. F. M. J., Habibi, A., Jaminon, A. M. G., Peeters, F. E. C. M., Leenders, P., Crijns, H. J. G. M. C., Heemskerk, J. W. M., Reutelingsperger, C. P., Spronk, H. M., & Schurgers, L. J. (2021). Vitamin K antagonist use induces calcification and atherosclerotic plaque progression resulting in increased hypercoagulability. European heart journal open, 1(2), Article oeab017. https://doi.org/10.1093/ehjopen/oeab017
    • Jaminon, A. M. G., Akbulut, A. C., Rapp, N., Kramann, R., Biessen, E. A. L., Temmerman, L., Mees, B., Brandenburg, V., Dzhanaev, R., Jahnen-Dechent, W., Floege, J., Uitto, J., Reutelingsperger, C. P., & Schurgers, L. J. (2021). Development of the BioHybrid Assay: Combining Primary Human Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells and Blood to Measure Vascular Calcification Propensity. Cells, 10(8), Article 2097. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells10082097
    • Dahlberg, S., Schott, U., Eriksson, E. A., Tahirsylaj, Y., Schurgers, L., & Kander, T. (2021). Intravenous Vitamin K1 for the Correction of Prolonged Prothrombin Times in Non-Bleeding Critically Ill Patients: A Prospective Observational Study. Nutrients, 13(8), Article 2580. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13082580
    • Parikh, S., Ganizada, B., Debeij, G., Natour, E., Maessen, J., Spronck, B., Schurgers, L., Delhaas, T., Huberts, W., Bidar, E., & Reesink, K. (2021). Intra-Operative Video-Based Measurement of Biaxial Strains of the Ascending Thoracic Aorta. Biomedicines, 9(6), Article 670. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines9060670
    • Dai, L., Schurgers, L., Shiels, P. G., & Stenvinkel, P. (2021). A biomimetic natural sciences approach to understanding the mechanisms of ageing in burden of lifestyle diseases. Clinical Science, 135(10), 1251-1272. https://doi.org/10.1042/CS20201452
    • McBurney, M. I., Blumberg, J. B., Costello, R. B., Eggersdorfer, M., Erdman, J. W., Harris, W. S., Johnson, E. J., Hazels Mitmesser, S., Post, R. C., Rai, D., & Schurgers, L. J. (2021). Beyond Nutrient Deficiency-Opportunities to Improve Nutritional Status and Promote Health Modernizing DRIs and Supplementation Recommendations. Nutrients, 13(6), Article 1844. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13061844
    • Seime, T., Akbulut, A. C., Liljeqvist, M. L., Siika, A., Jin, H., Winski, G., van Gorp, R. H., Karlöf, E., Lengquist, M., Buckler, A. J., Kronqvist, M., Waring, O. J., Lindeman, J. H. N., Biessen, E. A. L., Maegdefessel, L., Razuvaev, A., Schurgers, L. J., Hedin, U., & Matic, L. (2021). Proteoglycan 4 Modulates Osteogenic Smooth Muscle Cell Differentiation during Vascular Remodeling and Intimal Calcification. Cells, 10(6), Article 1276. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells10061276
    • van Gorp, R. H., Dijkgraaf, I., Bröker, V., Bauwens, M., Leenders, P., Jennen, D., Dweck, M. R., Bucerius, J., Briedé, J. J., van Ryn, J., Brandenburg, V., Mottaghy, F., Spronk, H. M. H., Reutelingsperger, C. P., & Schurgers, L. J. (2021). Off-target effects of oral anticoagulants - vascular effects of vitamin K antagonist and non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulant dabigatran etexilate. Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis, 19(5), 1348-1363. https://doi.org/10.1111/jth.15289
    • van Ballegooijen, A. J., Beulens, J. W. J., Kieneker, L. M., de Borst, M. H., Gansevoort, R. T., Kema, I. P., Schurgers, L. J., Vervloet, M. G., & Bakker, S. J. L. (2021). Combined low vitamin D and K status amplifies mortality risk: a prospective study. European Journal of Nutrition, 60(3), 1645-1654. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-020-02352-8
    • Fusaro, M., Cianciolo, G., Evenepoel, P., Schurgers, L., & Plebani, M. (2021). Vitamin K in CKD Bone Disorders. Calcified Tissue International, 108(4), 476-485. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00223-020-00792-2
    • Florea, A., Kooi, M. E., Mess, W., Schurgers, L. J., Bucerius, J., & Mottaghy, F. M. (2021). Effects of Combined Vitamin K2 and Vitamin D3 Supplementation on Na[18F]F PET/MRI in Patients with Carotid Artery Disease: The INTRICATE Rationale and Trial Design. Nutrients, 13(3), Article 994. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13030994
    • Dai, L., Li, L., Erlandsson, H., Jaminon, A. M. G., Qureshi, A. R., Ripsweden, J., Brismar, T. B., Witasp, A., Heimbürger, O., Jørgensen, H. S., Barany, P., Lindholm, B., Evenepoel, P., Schurgers, L. J., & Stenvinkel, P. (2021). Functional vitamin K insufficiency, vascular calcification and mortality in advanced chronic kidney disease: A cohort study. PLOS ONE, 16(2), e0247623. Article 0247623. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0247623
    • Florea, A., Sigl, J. P., Morgenroth, A., Vogg, A., Sahnoun, S., Winz, O. H., Bucerius, J., Schurgers, L. J., & Mottaghy, F. M. (2021). Sodium [18F]Fluoride PET Can Efficiently Monitor In Vivo Atherosclerotic Plaque Calcification Progression and Treatment. Cells, 10(2), Article 275. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells10020275
    • Furmanik, M., van Gorp, R., Whitehead, M., Ahmad, S., Bordoloi, J., Kapustin, A., Schurgers, L. J., & Shanahan, C. M. (2021). Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Mediates Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Calcification via Increased Release of Grp78 (Glucose-Regulated Protein, 78 kDa)-Loaded Extracellular Vesicles. Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis and Vascular Biology, 41(2), 898-914. https://doi.org/10.1161/ATVBAHA.120.315506
    • Akbulut, A. C., Wasilewski, G. B., Rapp, N., Forin, F., Singer, H., Czogalla-Nitsche, K. J., & Schurgers, L. J. (2021). Menaquinone-7 Supplementation Improves Osteogenesis in Pluripotent Stem Cell Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology, 8, Article 618760. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcell.2020.618760
    • Hao, Z. Y., Jin, D. Y., Chen, X. J., Schurgers, L. J., Stafford, D. W., & Tie, J. K. (2021). γ-Glutamyl carboxylase mutations differentially affect the biological function of vitamin K–dependent proteins. Blood, 137(4), 533-543. https://doi.org/10.1182/blood.2020006329
  • 2020
    • Rapp, N., Evenepoel, P., Stenvinkel, P., & Schurgers, L. (2020). Uremic Toxins and Vascular Calcification-Missing the Forest for All the Trees. Toxins, 12(10), Article 624. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins12100624
    • Furmanik, M., Chatrou, M., van Gorp, R., Akbulut, A., Willems, B., Schmidt, H., van Eys, G., Bochaton-Piallat, M.-L., Proudfoot, D., Biessen, E., Hedin, U., Perisic, L., Mees, B., Shanahan, C., Reutelingsperger, C., & Schurgers, L. (2020). Reactive Oxygen-Forming Nox5 Links Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Phenotypic Switching and Extracellular Vesicle-Mediated Vascular Calcification. Circulation Research, 127(7), 911-927. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.119.316159
    • Haroon, S. W. P., Tai, C., Ling, L. H., Teo, L., Davenport, A., Schurgers, L., Teo, B. W., Khatri, P., Ong, C. C., Low, S., Yeo, X. E., Tan, J. N., Subramanian, S., Chua, H. R., Tan, S. Y., Wong, W. K., & Lau, T. W. L. (2020). Treatment to reduce vascular calcification in hemodialysis patients using vitamin K (Trevasc-HDK) A study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Medicine, 99(36), Article 21906. https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000021906
    • Zwakenberg, S. R., de Jong, P. A., Hendriks, E. J., Westerink, J., Spiering, W., de Borst, G. J., Cramer, M. J., Bartstra, J. W., Doesburg, T., Rutters, F., van der Heijden, A. A., Schalkwijk, C., Schurgers, L. J., van der Schouw, Y. T., Beulens, J. W. J., & SMART Study Grp (2020). Intimal and medial calcification in relation to cardiovascular risk factors. PLOS ONE, 15(7), Article 0235228. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0235228
    • Peeters, F. E. C. M., Dudink, E. A. M. P., Weijs, B., Fabritz, L., Chua, W., Kietselaer, B. L. J. H., Wildberger, J. E., Meex, S. J. R., Kirchhof, P., Crijns, H. J. G. M., & Schurgers, L. J. (2020). Biomarkers Associated With Aortic Valve Calcification: Should We Focus on Sex Specific Processes?Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology, 8, Article 604. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcell.2020.00604
    • Dai, L., Meijers, B. K., Bammens, B., de Loor, H., Schurgers, L. J., Qureshi, A. R., Stenvinkel, P., & Evenepoel, P. (2020). Sevelamer Use in End-Stage Kidney Disease (ESKD) Patients Associates with Poor Vitamin K Status and High Levels of Gut-Derived Uremic Toxins: A Drug-Bug Interaction?Toxins, 12(6), Article 351. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins12060351
    • Akbulut, A. C., Pavlic, A., Petsophonsakul, P., Halder, M., Maresz, K., Kramann, R., & Schurgers, L. (2020). Vitamin K2 Needs an RDI Separate from Vitamin K1. Nutrients, 12(6), Article 1852. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12061852
    • Jaminon, A. M. G., Dai, L., Qureshi, A. R., Evenepoel, P., Ripsweden, J., Soderberg, M., Witasp, A., Olauson, H., Schurgers, L. J., & Stenvinkel, P. (2020). Matrix Gla protein is an independent predictor of both intimal and medial vascular calcification in chronic kidney disease. Scientific Reports, 10(1), Article 6586. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-63013-8
    • d'Alessandro, E., Becker, C., Bergmeier, W., Bode, C., Bourne, J. H., Brown, H., Buller, H. R., ten Cate-Hoek, A. J., ten Cate, V., van Cauteren, Y. J. M., Cheung, Y. F. H., Cleuren, A., Coenen, D., Crijns, H. J. G. M., de Simone, I., Dolleman, S. C., Klein, C. E., Fernandez, D. I., Granneman, L., ... Scientific Reviewer Committee (2020). Thrombo-Inflammation in Cardiovascular Disease: An Expert Consensus Document from the Third Maastricht Consensus Conference on Thrombosis. Thrombosis and Haemostasis, 120(4), 538-564. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1708035
    • Dai, L., Schurgers, L. J., Shiels, P. G., & Stenvinkel, P. (2020). Early vascular ageing in chronic kidney disease: impact of inflammation, vitamin K, senescence and genomic damage. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation, 35, II31-II37. https://doi.org/10.1093/ndt/gfaa006
    • Dai, L., Plunde, O., Qureshi, A. R., Lindholm, B., Brismar, T. B., Schurgers, L. J., Soederberg, M., Ripsweden, J., Back, M., & Stenvinkel, P. (2020). Aortic Valve Calcium Associates with All-Cause Mortality Independent of Coronary Artery Calcium and Inflammation in Patients with End-Stage Renal Disease. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 9(2), Article 607. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9020607
    • Kaesler, N., Goettsch, C., Weis, D., Schurgers, L., Hellmann, B., Floege, J., & Kramann, R. (2020). Magnesium but not nicotinamide prevents vascular calcification in experimental uraemia. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation, 35(1), 65-73. https://doi.org/10.1093/ndt/gfy410
    • Vossen, L. M., Kroon, A. A., Schurgers, L. J., & de Leeuw, P. W. (2020). Pharmacological and Nutritional Modulation of Vascular Calcification. Nutrients, 12(1), Article 100. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12010100
  • 2019
    • Peeters, M. T. J., Houben, R., Postma, A. A., van Oostenbrugge, R. J., Schurgers, L. J., & Staals, J. (2019). Vitamin K Antagonist Use and Risk for Intracranial Carotid Artery Calcification in Patients With Intracerebral Hemorrhage. Frontiers in Neurology, 10, Article 1278. https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2019.01278
    • Dekker, L. H., Vinke, P. C., Riphagen, I. J., Minovic, I., Eggersdorfer, M. L., van den Heuvel, E. G. H. M., Schurgers, L. J., Kema, I. P., Bakker, S. J. L., & Navis, G. (2019). Cheese and Healthy Diet: Associations With Incident Cardio-Metabolic Diseases and All-Cause Mortality in the General Population. Frontiers in nutrition, 6, Article 185. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2019.00185
    • Jaminon, A., Reesink, K., Kroon, A., & Schurgers, L. (2019). The Role of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells in Arterial Remodeling: Focus on Calcification-Related Processes. International journal of molecular sciences, 20(22), Article 5694. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20225694
    • Zwakenberg, S. R., de Jong, P. A., Bartstra, J. W., van Asperen, R., Westerink, J., de Valk, H., Slart, R. H. J. A., Luurtsema, G., Wolterink, J. M., de Borst, G. J., van Herwaarden, J. A., van de Ree, M. A., Schurgers, L. J., van der Schouw, Y. T., & Beulens, J. W. J. (2019). The effect of menaquinone-7 supplementation on vascular calcification in patients with diabetes: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 110(4), 883-890. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/nqz147
    • Van Kuijk, K., Theelen, T., Demandt, J., Marsch, E., Gijbels, M., Jin, H., Reutelingsperger, C., Cosemans, J., Schurgers, L., Carmeliet, P., Biessen, E., Daemen, M., & Sluimer, J. (2019). MYELOID PHD2 KNOCKDOWN DRIVES MACROPHAGE APOPTOSIS AND PARACRINE FIBROBLAST/SMOOTH MUSCLE CELL COLLAGEN SECRETION LEADING TO ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUE FIBROSIS. Atherosclerosis, 287, E10-E10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2019.06.027
    • Petsophonsakul, P., Furmanik, M., Forsythe, R., Dweck, M., Schurink, G. W., Natour, E., Reutelingsperger, C., Jacobs, M., Mees, B., & Schurgers, L. (2019). Role of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Phenotypic Switching and Calcification in Aortic Aneurysm Formation Involvement of Vitamin K-Dependent Processes. Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis and Vascular Biology, 39(7), 1351-1368. https://doi.org/10.1161/ATVBAHA.119.312787
    • Posthuma, J. J., Posma, J. J. N., van Oerle, R., Leenders, P., van Gorp, R. H., Jaminon, A. M. G., Mackman, N., Heitmeier, S., Schurgers, L. J., ten Cate, H., & Spronk, H. M. H. (2019). Targeting Coagulation Factor Xa Promotes Regression of Advanced Atherosclerosis in Apolipoprotein-E Deficient Mice. Scientific Reports, 9(1), Article 3909. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-40602-w
    • Wasilewski, G. B., Vervloet, M. G., & Schurgers, L. J. (2019). The Bone-Vasculature Axis: Calcium Supplementation and the Role of Vitamin K. Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine, 6, 1-16. Article 6. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcvm.2019.00006
Overview